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Data Types Reference

This reference briefly describes properties of built-in XOD types. To learn about the types see Data types guide.

Color code #

Color code

Casting rules #

The following table shows implicit casts possible. That is, when a direct link between two various data types is valid. Even if the direct link is forbidden, there are nodes that help to convert between types explicitly.

	→ Pulse	→ Boolean	→ Number	→ Byte	→ Port	→ String
Pulse →		no	no	no	no	no
Boolean →	yes		yes	yes	no	yes
Number →	no	yes		no	no	yes
Byte →	no	yes	no		no	yes
Port →	no	no	no	no		yes
String →	no	no	no	no	no

Here are details on how the data is transformed exactly when an implicit cast takes place.

From	To	How
Boolean	Pulse	Rising edge is considered to be a pulse. That is when the value was `False` and just became `True` a single pulse is emitted.
Boolean	Number	`False` converts to `0.0` and `True` converts to `1.0`.
Boolean	Byte	`False` converts to `0000 0000` and `True` converts to `0000 0001`.
Boolean	String	`True` converts to `"true"` and `False` converts to `"false"`.
Number	Boolean	Zero converts to `False`, any other value converts to `True`.
Number	String	Converts with two digits after decimal, e.g. `3.14159` → `"3.14"` and `0` → `"0.00"`.
Byte	Boolean	`0000 0000` converts to `False`, any other value converts to `True`.
Byte	String	Converts as a two-digit hexadecimal number with h-suffix, e.g. `0000 1101` → `0Dh`.
Port	String	Converts port as it shown in the XOD IDE. `D13` → `"D13"` and `A3` → `"A3"`.

Literals #

This section summarizes valid text input (i.e., grammar) for various data types. It matters, for example, when you enter values in IDE with Inspector.

Number literals #

Literal	Comment
`1000`	In the basic case of integer number, the literal is a sequence of decimal digits
`+1000`	It may include an explicit sign
`-1000`	Be negative
`-1000.45`	Include a fraction after decimal dot
`-.45`	If the integer part is zero it may be omitted
`1000.`	Trailing decimal dot is allowed
`2e6`	A literal can have a decimal exponent after “e” character (2×10⁶ = 2 000 000)
`2e+6`	The exponent can have a sign
`2e-6`	An be negative (2×10^-6 = 0.000002)
`+.2e-3`	Rules for the part before “e” still apply
`Inf`	A special value to denote the positive infinity
`+Inf`	Can include explicit sign
`-Inf`	Or be a negative infinity
`NaN`	The “Not A Number” value to signal about an operation error

Boolean literals #

Valid literals are:

True
False

In some inputs IDE or CLI can normalize almost valid literals like lower-cased true or false, however the canonical form is as shown.

Byte literals #

Literal	Comment
`1Ah`	The canonical hexadecimal form contains two digits (0-9\|A-F) followed by h-suffix
`03h`	Values less than 10h should have the leading zero
`00011010b`	In the binary form the literal is eight digits (0\|1) followed by b-suffix
`26d`	The decimal form contains an integer in range [0; 255] followed by d-suffix
`006d`	The leading zeros are allowed but may be omitted
`'a'`	A character surrounded by single quotes is translated to a byte value equal to its ASCII code
`'\n'`	A backslashed character specifies a control ASCII character like line feed, carriage return, tab, etc

In some inputs IDE or CLI can normalize almost valid literals like 3h (no leading zero), 0x03 (customary hexadecimal for C++, JavaScript, and Python programmers), 3 (implied decimal 3), however the canonical form is as shown.

Port literals #

Literal	Comment
`D4`	Digital port values start with “D” followed by the actual port number
`A6`	Analog ports/channels start with “A” followed by the number

Note that analog port values can be converted to digital port values, but not vice versa. So, in cases when an analog channel and a digital port share the same physical board pin (e.g., A6 and D4 on Arduino Leonardo) you must choose A6 for ADC reading, albeit for digital operations either will be suitable: A6 will be coerced to D4 by the runtime engine.

String literals #

Literal	Comment
`"Hello"`	String literals are allways enclosed in double quotes
`"Dist: 10\""`	If a string contains `"` itself, it should be escaped by `\` (Dist: 10")
`"Hello\nWorld"`	A new line is encoded as `\n` sequence
`"Hello\r\nWorld"`	`\r` encodes carriage return
`"1023.0\t244\t1"`	`\t` encodes TAB symbol
`"A\\B\\C"`	Backslashes are escaped by backslashes (A\B\C)

Pulse literals #

Literal	Comment
`Never`	Literally never emit a pulse there
`On Boot`	Emit a pulse once at the program start
`Continuously`	Emit pulses as fast as performance allows, in each transaction

Color literals #

Values for xod/color/color type can be entered in #RRGGBB format. There, RR is amount of Red (using two hexadecimal digits), GG is amount of Green, and BB is amount of Blue.

For example, #00BFFF will be displayed as a light blue color.